Madam, I’m Adam
Most people are
familiar with palindrones.
Broadly defined,
they are defined as a sentence that reads the same front to back, or vice
versa. The sentence listed above is the most familiar, but there are others.
https://wordsmarts.com/palindromes/
However, the
purpose of this article is not to discuss the quirks of the English language.
Its purpose is to
discuss the atomic bomb, which means the title actually should be “Madam, I’m
Atom.
I’m in the process
of finishing a book titles “The Devil Reached Toward the Sky’, and it discusses
the development of the atomic bomb that was developed by the Manhattan Project.
The book itself is 50 pages, but a large portion of the book consists of quotes
by the various parties involved – including the survivors of the bombs that
were dropped on Japan. As a result, you can safely skim through a lot of it, and
still get the basics of the story.
There are plenty
of pictures, as well as a few maps.
In addition, there
are 5 pages of acknowledgements, 30 pages of notes, and 30 pages devoted to
indexing, which would confirm the fact that this is a well reserved boo.
The Manhattan
Project involved thousands of people scattered through the country, but the
primary production facilities were in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Los Alamos in New
Mexico, and Hanford Washington.
Oak Ridge produced
enriched uranium, Hanford produced plutonium, and Los Alamos produced the bomb
itself.
If you don’t want
to spend a lot of time reading the book, watching the movie “Oppenheimer”
provides a shorter summary, but you would have to sit through if for 3 hours to
see the whole thing.
Towards the end of
the book is a discussion of the morality of the project, as well as it’s
necessitated. In the then, though, decision to drop the bomb actually saved
both American and Japanese lives.
There are two
factors that define the legacy of the bomb.
1) The project created some terrifying
environmental problems. Even today, the production facility in Harford is
considered most polluted site in the country.
2) The project eventually led to the arms
race. The link below lists the various types of weapons.
Today, there are 13,805
in various counties around the world, but
90% of them are owned by Russia and the United States.
Treaties between
Russian and the United States have reduced the number of weapons from their
peak in the 1960’s, when Mutual Assured Destruction was thought to be a
deterrent.
The weapons that
were dropped on Japan had an explosive capacity of 20,000 tons of TNT, roughly
equivalent to 15 megatons, or 15 kilotons.
The Nike missiles
held in the United States range for 2 kilotons to 40 kilotons.
The United
States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was an agency of the
United States government established after World War II by the U.S. Congress to foster and
control the peacetime development of
atomic science and technology. President Harry S. Truman signed the McMahon/Atomic Energy
Act on August 1, 1946, transferring the control of
atomic energy from military to civilian hands, effective on January 1,
1947.This shift gave the members of the AEC complete control of the plants,
laboratories, equipment, and personnel assembled during the war to produce the
atomic bomb.
An increasing
number of critics during the 1960s charged that the AEC's regulations were
insufficiently rigorous in several important areas, including radiation protection standards, nuclear reactor safety, plant
siting, and environmental protection.
By 1974, the AEC's
regulatory programs had come under such strong attack that the U.S. Congress decided to abolish
the AEC. The AEC was abolished by the Energy Reorganization
Act of 1974, which assigned its
functions to two new agencies: the Energy Research
and Development Administration and the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission. On August 4,
1977, President Jimmy Carter signed into law
the Department of Energy Organization Act, which created the Department of Energy. The new agency assumed the responsibilities of the Federal Energy
Administration (FEA), the Energy Research
and Development Administration (ERDA), the Federal Power Commission (FPC), and various other federal agencies.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission
(An interesting
sidenote is that when Rick Perry was appointed to lead the Department of Energy
in 2017, he was unaware of the fact that the department was involved in nuclear
weapons.)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Perry
Eventually,
countries around world started to build nuclear power plants.
Ironically, Russia
was the first country to use nuclear energy – in 1951.
Nuclear power plants operate in 31
countries and generate about a tenth of the world's electricity. Most are
in Europe, North America and East Asia. The United States is the largest producer of nuclear power, while France has the largest share of electricity generated by nuclear power, at
about 65%.
The largest nuclear power plant in America is located
in a state that could also be a leader in solar energy – Arizona. California
produces the most energy from solar sources. Arizona is third, right behind
North Carolina.
Some countries
operated nuclear reactors in the past but have no operating nuclear power
plants at present. Among them, Italy closed all of its nuclear stations by 1990 and nuclear power has
since been discontinued because of the 1987 referendums. Lithuania closed its nuclear
station at 2009 because it was of the dangerous RBMK reactor type. Kazakhstan phased out nuclear power in 1999 but is planning to reintroduce it
possibly by 2035 under referendum. Germany operated nuclear plants since 1960 until the completion of its
phaseout policy in 2023. Austria (Zwentendorf
Nuclear Power Plant) and the Philippines (Bataan Nuclear Power
Plant) never started to use their first nuclear plants that
were completely built.
Sweden and Belgium
originally had phase-out policies however they have now moved away from their
original plans. The Philippines relaunched their nuclear program on February
28, 2022 and may try to operate the 1984 mothballed Bataan Plant.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_by_country
“Midnight in
Chernobyl “goes into more details on the causes of the catastrophe.
Conditions have
improved since 1986 so that, as of today, you can buy vodka produced in the
area near the site.
https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-49251471
.